1. Energy Density Comparison of Different Battery Types

1）Ternary Lithium Batteries (NCM/NCA)‌

Theoretical Specific Capacity‌: ~200 mAh/g (cathode material)‌

Voltage Platform‌: 3.7 V, energy density ~16% higher than LFP batteries‌

System-Level Energy Density‌: Currently 200–300 Wh/kg, leading in high energy density due to chemical advantages‌

2）Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Batteries‌

Theoretical Specific Capacity‌: 160 mAh/g (cathode material), lower than ternary materials‌

Voltage Platform‌: 3.2 V, lower energy density but improved volumetric energy density via high-compaction processes (e.g., double-sintering 

method)‌

System-Level Energy Density‌: ~150–200 Wh/kg, cost-effective with high safety‌

3）Other Types‌

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) Batteries‌: Moderate energy density, often used in hybrid vehicles‌

Solid-State Batteries (under development)‌: Theoretical energy density >500 Wh/kg, yet to achieve mass production‌

2. Core Strategies to Improve Battery Energy Density

1）Material Optimization‌

Cathode Upgrades‌: High-nickel ternary materials (e.g., NCM811), lithium-rich manganese-based cathodes to enhance specific capacity and 

voltage‌

Anode Innovation‌: Silicon-based anodes (theoretical capacity: 4200 mAh/g) replacing graphite (372 mAh/g), pending solutions to expansion 

issues

‌

2）Structural Design Improvements‌

Cell-Level‌: Optimized welding methods and reduced spacing between components to improve space utilization (e.g., prismatic cell designs)‌

Module Integration‌: CTP (Cell-to-Pack) technology to minimize non-active components and boost system energy density‌

3）Process Enhancements‌

High-Compaction Processes‌: Increased active material content via optimized compaction density (e.g.,LFP high-pressure sintering)‌

Ultra-Thin Foils‌: Thinner current collectors to reduce non-active material weight‌

4）System Integration Optimization‌

Simplified Thermal Management‌: Reduced redundant structures for higher volumetric efficiency‌

Lightweight BMS‌: Efficient battery management systems to lower auxiliary component weight‌

3. Correlation Between Battery Types and Improvement Pathways

Battery Type Current Energy Density Key Improvement Directions

Ternary Lithium 200–300 Wh/kg Nickel-rich cathodes, silicon-carbon anodes, solid-state electrolytes‌

LFP 150–200 Wh/kg High-compaction processes, structural simplification‌

Solid-State R&D phase Interface optimization, mass-production breakthroughs‌

Through these multidimensional advancements, battery energy density is projected to reach ‌400 Wh/kg at the cell level‌ and ‌300 Wh/kg at 

the system level‌ by 2025‌.